Biceps Femoris

This section describes the biceps femoris (BFM) anatomy, and the fibular attachment.

This anatomy is only modeled with the DU specimen because it is described as being loaded during patellofemoral testing in [ASC+16]. The OpenKnee(s) specimen does not have this tendon modeled because it is not loaded during the tibiofemoral or patellofemoral testing.

General Description

The biceps femoris is described as having several attachemnts to the tibia, and fibula. The tendons of the long and short head of the biceps femoris are described as coalescing, and first inserting into the fibula [BA15]. Three fibular insertions are described (proximal, distal, and medial). The proximal insertion is composed of both the long and short head of the biceps femoris. The distal and medial insertions are composed largely of the long and short head of the biceps femoris respectively.

The model includes the proximal fibular insertion of the BFM.

  • Fibular insertion: 8.96 (95% confidence interval: 8.2-9.7) mm from the center of the fibular insertion to the tip of the fibular styloid process [BA15]. The area is 214.9 (95% CI 192.4-237.5) mm^2. The insertion is posterior to the LCL’s fibular insertion.
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Fig. 41 The distal insertions of the BFM [BA15]. Note that the model only includes the proximal fibular attachement.

Note

When defining the insertion site for the biceps femoris, two proximal points should be defined to represent the line of action of the tendon in the image state.

[ASC+16]Azhar A. Ali, Sami S. Shalhoub, Adam J. Cyr, Clare K. Fitzpatrick, Lorin P. Maletsky, Paul J. Rullkoetter, and Kevin B. Shelburne. Validation of predicted patellofemoral mechanics in a finite element model of the healthy and cruciate-deficient knee. Journal of Biomechanics, 49(2):302–309, January 2016. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021929015007265, doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.12.020.
[BA15](1, 2, 3) Eric A. Branch and Adam W. Anz. Distal Insertions of the Biceps Femoris , Distal Insertions of the Biceps Femoris: A Quantitative Analysis , A Quantitative Analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 3(9):2325967115602255, September 2015. URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115602255, doi:10.1177/2325967115602255.