TableOfContents()

Target Outcome

Volumetric reconstruction of a tissue of interest:

• as an image volume, and
• as a surface representation

Prerequisites

Include(Infrastructure/AuxiliarySoftware, "Infrastructure", 2, from="= Image Analysis & Segmentation =", to="= Geometry & Mesh Generation & Manipulation =")

Previous Protocols

For more details, see ["Specifications/ExperimentationAnatomicalImaging"].

Protocols

Input

Set(s) of MRI in NIFTI format

Procedures

Overall Process

• Download desired image volume for the desired specimen; the data should be in NIFTI format.

• Load the desired image volume to a preferred image segmentation & analysis software faithful to data coordinate system.

• Tissue of interest can be segmented by manually painting over its boundaries or using automated or semi-automated algorithms available in the image segmentation & analysis software.

  • Segmentation in process should be saved in the relevant repository area specific to the specimen and segmentation results. The file format should be NIFTI and file naming convention should rely on tissue labeling described in ["Specifications/DataManagement"], e.g., oks001-fmb-01.nii, indicating the segmentation for femur bone of the Open Knee(s) - Specimen 1, the appended number indicates the segmentation label (to accommodate multiple segmentations of the same volume by others).
  • The boundaries of the tissue volume obtained from segmentation should not be smoothed.
  • Segmented volume can be loaded to other image sets to evaluate and correct for boundaries.
• After completion of the segmentation, the volume should be exported as a triangulated surface (without smoothing) in STL format, e.g. oks001-fmb-01.stl

Segmentation Specific Procedures

-- ["ogad"] DateTime(2015-07-16T18:36:39Z)

* Using 3DSlicer for segmentation:

• Opening data

  • File => Add Data => [Select MRI file in NIFTI format]

  • Open drop-down menu from toolbar for list of modules.
  • Select Editor to edit the labelmap (a volume representation of highlighted regions).
  • One can manually segment bones for every slice, or use Growth Cut Effect and Threshold Effect.
• Editor Module
  • Applying Growth Cut Effect (region growing algorithm using cellular automata):
    • Use Draw Effect or Paint Effect to highlight anatomy of interest (foreground) using specific label (label1).
    • Use Draw Effect or Paint Effect to highlight area around anatomy of interest (background) with different label (label2).
    • Use Paint Effect to "cap" boundaries of anatomy of interest at two slices (slice before anatomy of interest appears on MRI and slice after anatomy of interest appears on MRI).

      • See figures below for example of segmentation using GrowthCut Effect with foreground (green) and background (yellow).

attachment:gc1.png attachment:gc2.png attachment:gc3.png attachment:gc4.png

• Repeat for five slices at varying depths for each view (coronal, sagittal, axial).
• Use Growth Cut Effect to complete segmentation of bone. (Apply)
• Remove background by using Change Label Effect; select label2 as input and background [0] as output. (Apply)
• Manually segmentation to clean up results of Growth Cut Effect.

• ** For more information on Growth Cut Effect refer to the 3DSlicerWiki [http://www.slicer.org/slicerWiki/index.php/Modules:GrowCutSegmentation-Documentation-3.6].

• Generating raw volume from label for anatomy of interest.
  • In Make Model Effect, choose model name, deselect smooth model and select apply.
  • Creates vtk file.
  • To save as surface representation, save vtk file as STL file.

• Tips and Shortcuts using 3DSlicer:
  • In Editor Mode:
    • 'c' to open list of labels, type # of label id and enter to switch labels quickly
    • 'z' to undo
    • 'y' to redo
    • 'd' for Draw Effect
    • 'p' for Paint Effect
    • 'e' to erase from label
    • arrow keys to move forward/background a slice
    • To change transparency of label in views or switch label to outline view.
      • Hover over thumb tack in top left of view.

      • Select '>>' button.

        • Change percent opacity by changing value near eye icon: 0.0 (transparent) to 1.0 (opaque).
        • Click on button next to eye icon to switch to outline view.

Tissue Specific Considerations

Registration Markers

For Registration Marker segmentation, the following technique was used:

• Use the level tracing effect to fill in the registration markers in the beginning, middle, and end of it's respective appearances within the slices, for each view.
• Next fill in any gaps with the paint tool.
• Finally, on those slices, outline the area surrounding the markers with a different color and use the grow cut effect to fill in the segmentation (as described above).

Volume labels include bone type and marker location, e.g. REG-FM, where REG stands for registration, F for femur, M for medial. In result, potential labels are REG-FM, REG-FL, REG-FA, REG-FP, REG-TM, REG-TL, REG-TA, REG-TP, REG-PS, REG-PL, REG-PM.

Bones

Tissue labels include FMB (femur), TBB (tibia), FBB (fibula), PTB (patella).

Cartilage

Cartilage segmentation should be informed by bone segmentation, i.e. subtraction of bone volume to trim back surface of cartilage.

Tissue labels include FMC (femoral), TBC-M (medial tibial), TBC-L (lateral tibial), PTC (patellar).

Menisci

Menisci segmentation should be informed by cartilage segmentation, i.e. subtraction of menisci volume to match cartilage boundaries.

Tissue labels include MNS-M (medial), MNS-L (lateral).

Ligaments & Tendons

Ligament segmentation should be informed by bone segmentation, i.e. subtraction of bone volume to trim insertion areas.

Tissue labels include ACL, PCL, LCL, PTL, QAT, etc.

Output

• Volume of tissue of interest as a binary image aligned with original MRI coordinate system (raw, without filtering and smoothing)
• Surface representation of tissue of interest in STL format in MRI coordinate system (raw, without filtering and smoothing)