How are the pennation angles calculated?

Full body musculoskeletal model with muscle-actuated lower extremity and torque-actuated torso/upper extremity for use in dynamic simulations of human movement.
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Thomas Geijtenbeek
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How are the pennation angles calculated?

Post by Thomas Geijtenbeek » Tue May 09, 2023 4:08 am

In the paper, Equation (1) states that the pennation angle at optimal fiber length is computed using:

a0 = asin( lm sin(a) )

in which lm is defined as the "normalized fiber length" found in [Ward et al. 2009]. However, I cannot find any listing of a "normalized fiber length" in this paper. Could you please explain how lm is derived or how it can otherwise be acquired?
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