There is a growing interest in the use of virtual representations of the knee for musculoskeletal research and clinical decision making, and to generate digital evidence for design and regulation of implants. Accessibility to previously developed models and related digital assets can dramatically reduce barriers to entry to conduct simulation-based studies of the knee joint and therefore help accelerate scientific discovery and clinical innovations. Development of models for finite element analysis is a demanding process that is both time consuming and resource intensive. It necessitates expertise to transform raw data to reliable virtual representations. Modeling and simulation workflow has many processes such as image segmentation, surface geometry generation, mesh generation and finally, creation of a finite element representation with relevant loading and boundary conditions. The outcome of the workflow is not only the end-point knee model but also many other digital by-products. When all of these data, derivate assets, and tools are freely and openly accessible, researchers can bypass some or all the steps required to build models and focus on using them to address their research goals. With provenance to specimen-specific anatomical and mechanical data and traceability of digital assets throughout the whole lifecycle of the model, reproducibility and credibility of the modeling practice can be established. The objective of this study is to disseminate Open Knee(s), a cohort of eight knee models (and relevant digital assets) for finite element analysis, that are based on comprehensive specimen-specific imaging data. In addition, the models and by-products of modeling workflows are described along with model development strategies and tools. Passive flexion served as a test simulation case, demonstrating an end-user application. Potential roadmaps for reuse of Open Knee(s) are also discussed.
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Publications
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| Open Knee(s): A Free and Open Source Library of Specimen-Specific Models and Related Digital Assets for Finite Element Analysis of the Knee Joint, Snehal Chokhandre, Ariel Schwartz, Ellen Klonowski, Benjamin Landis & Ahmet Erdemir, Annals of Biomedical Engineering volume 51, pages10–23 (2023) (2023) View |
| Related Publications |
| Erdemir, A. and Sibole, S. Open knee: capacity to reproduce anterior cruciate ligament deformations, 10th International Symposium, Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, April 11-14, 2012, Berlin, Germany. (2012) View |
| Guo, H. and Spilker, R. L. (2014) An augmented Lagrangian finite element formulation for 3D contact of biphasic tissues, Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin, 17, 1206-1216.
(2014) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Heydon, R. (2011) Finite element analysis of knee articular cartilage, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (2011) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Meng, Q., Jin, Z., Wilcox, R. and Fisher, J. (2014) Creep behaviour of human tibiofemoral joint under body weight, 60th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, March 15-18, 2014, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
(2014) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Meng, Q., Jin, Z., Wilcox, R. and Fisher, J. (2014) Computational investigation of the timedependent contact behaviour of the human tibiofemoral joint under body weight, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. [H] 228, 1193–1207. (2014) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Maas, S. A., Erdemir, A., Halloran, J. P. and Weiss, J. A. Computational framework for application of residual stress when the stress-free configuration is unknown, 12th International Symposium on Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, October 13-15, 2014, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. (2014) |
| Erdemir, A. Bringing finite element analysis of biological structures to the masses by extending simulation software with open access models, 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. (2014) View |
| Erdemir, A. (2013) Open Knee: a pathway to community driven modeling and simulation in joint biomechanics, Journal of Medical Devices, 7, 040910. (2013) View |
| Łuczkiewicz, P., Daszkiewicz, K., Witkowski, W., Chróścielewski, J. and Zarzycki, W. (2015) Influence of meniscus shape in the cross sectional plane on the knee contact mechanics, J Biomech, 48, 1356-1363. (2015) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Chokhandre, S., Colbrunn, R., Bennetts, C. and Erdemir, A. (2015) A comprehensive specimen-specific multiscale data set for anatomical and mechanical characterization of the tibiofemoral joint, PLoS ONE, 10, e013826. (2015) View |
| Maas, S. A., Erdemir, A., Halloran, J. P., Weiss, J. A. (in press) A general framework for application of prestrain to computational models of biological materials, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. (2016) View |
| Carvalho, D. (2015) Estudo biomecânico dos meniscos na articulação do joelho humano, M.S. Thesis, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. (2015) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Zhang, G., Smith, B. P., Plate, J., Casanova, R., Hsu, F. C., Li, J., Xia, L., Li, K. C., Poehling, G. G., Zhou, X. (2016) A systematic approach to predicting the risk of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty revision, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, pii: S1063-4584(16)00010-8. (2016) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Erdemir A. (2016) Open Knee: open source modeling and simulation in knee biomechanics, J Knee Surg, 29, 107-116. (2016) View |
| Khandha, A., Manal, K., Snyder-Mackler, L. and Buchanan, T. S. Kinematic/kinetic differences between subjects with/without knee osteoarthritis after unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconsdruction, and the influence on stress distribution, ASB 2015, 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, August 5-8, 2015, Columbus, Ohio, USA. (2015) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Fernandes, D. J. C. (2014) Finite element analysis of the ACL-deficient knee, M.S. Thesis, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. (2014) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Costa e Silva, J. M. (2015) Modelo biomecanico do joelho humano, M.S. Thesis, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal. (2015) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Bonner, T. F., Colbrunn, R. W., Chokhandre, S., Bennetts, C. and Erdemir, A. Open Knee(s): comprehensive tibiofemoral joint testing for specimen-specific next generation knee models, SB3C2015, Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering, and Biotransport Conference, June 17-20, 2015, Snowbird Resort, Utah, USA. (2015) View |
| Colbrunn, R. W., Bonner, T. F., Chokhandre, S. K., Bennetts, C. J., Halloran J. and Erdemir, A. Open Knee(s): comprehensive patellofemoral joint testing for specimen-specific next generation knee models, ASB 2015, 39th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, August 5-8, 2015, Columbus, Ohio, USA. (2015) View |
| Romero Rodríguez B,(2017) Modelado 3D, simulación y análisis del movimiento de una articulación humana. Masters Thesis. Universidade da Coruña. Escola Politécnica Superior (2017) View Abstract This study used Open knee(s) |
| Naghibi Beidokhti H. (2016) A comparison between dynamic implicit and explicit finite element simulations of the native knee joint. Med Eng Phys. 2016 Oct;38(10):1123-30. (2016) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Erdemir, A., Bennetts, C., Bonner, T., Chokhandre, S.and Colbrunn, R. Open Knee(s): founding data for next generation knee models, 2015 BMES/FDA Frontiers in Medical Devices Conference: Innovations in Modeling and Simulation, May 18-20, 2015, Washington, DC, USA. (2015) View |
| Bennetts, C. J., Chokhandre, S., Donnola, S. B., Flask, C. A., Bonner, T. F., Colbrunn, R. W. and Erdemir, A. Open Knee(s): magnetic resonance imaging for specimen-specific next generation knee models, SB3C2015, Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Biotransport Conference, June 17-20, 2015,Snowbird Resort, Utah, USA. (2015) View |
| Erdemir, A., Bennetts, C., Davis, S., Reddy, A. And Sibole, S. (2015) Multiscale cartilage biomechanics: technical challenges in realizing a high-throughput modeling and simulation workflow, Interface Focus, 5, 20140081. (2015) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
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Pfeiffer, F.M. (2016) The use of finite element analysis to enhance research and clinical practice in orthopedics, J Knee Surg, 29, 149-158.
(2016) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Westermann, R.W., Wolf, B.R. and Elkins J. (in press) Optimizing graft placement in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a finite element analysis, J Knee Surg. (2016) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Łuczkiewicz, P., Daszkiewicz, K., Chróścielewski, J., Witkowski, W. and Winklewski, P.J. (2016) The influence of articular cartilage thickness reduction on meniscus biomechanics, PLoS One, 11, e0167733. (2016) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Valkeapää, A., Kłodowski, A., Rantalainen T. and Mikkola A. Knee cartilage surface loading during stationary bicycling, Computer Methods in Mechanics, May 9-12, 2011, Warsaw, Poland. (2011) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Tichon, D. J. (2011) Finite element analysis of the effect of low-speed rear end collisions on the medial meniscus, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA. (2011) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Westermann, R. W., Wolf, B. R. and Elkins, J. M. (2013) Effect of acl reconstruction graft size on simulated lachman testing: a finite element analysis, Iowa Orthop J, 33, 70-77.
(2013) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Sibole, S. C. and Erdemir, A. (2012) Chondrocyte deformations as a function of tibiofemoral joint loading predicted by a generalized high-throughput pipeline of multi-scale simulations, PLoS ONE, 7, e37538.
(2012) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Sibole, S., Bennetts, C., Borotikar, B., Maas, S., van den Bogert, A. J., Weiss, J. A. and Erdemir, A. Open knee: a 3D finite element representation of the knee joint, 34th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Biomechanics, August 18-21, 2010, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. (2010) View |
| Erdemir, A. Open Knee: a pathway to community driven modeling and simulation in joint biomechanics, ASME/FDA 2013 1st Annual Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation, September 11-13, 2013, Washington, DC. (2013) View |
| Wangerin, S. (2013) Development and validation of a human knee joint finite element model for tissue stress and strain predictions during exercise, M.Sc. Thesis, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA.
(2013) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Khoshgoftar, M., Janssen, D., van Tienen, T., Buma, P. and Verdonschot, N. (2014) How an anatomically-shaped isotropic meniscus implant influences knee joint mechanics compared to native and meniscectomy conditions, 60th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, March 15-18, 2014, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
(2014) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Bonner, T. F., Halloran, J. P., Erdemir, A. and Colbrunn, R. W. Pathway to quantify the effects of peripheral soft-tissue and capsule on knee joint response, 7th World Congress of Biomechanics, July 6-11, 2014, Boston, MA. (2014) View |
| Khoshgoftar, M., Vrancken, A. C., van Tienen, T. G., Buma, P., Janssen, D. and Verdonschot, N.
(2015) The sensitivity of cartilage contact pressures in the knee joint to the size and shape of an anatomically shaped meniscal implant, J Biomech, 48, 1427-1435. (2015) View Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Choi, H. F., Chincisan, A. and Magnenat-Thalmann N. (2015) A collective approach for reconstructing 3D fiber arrangements in virtual musculoskeletal soft tissue models, in B. Doyle et al. (eds.), Computational Biomechanics for Medicine, Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, pp 117-128. (2015) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |
| Gad, O. M., Bennetts, C. J., Chokhandre, S. and Erdemir, A. Open Knee(s): the role of the transverse ligament in cartilage and menisci mechanics predicted by finite element analysis of the knee, Research Experiences for Undergraduates Symposium, October 25-26, 2015, Arlington, VA, USA. (2015) View |
| Maas, S., Erdemir, A., Halloran, J. P. and Weiss, J. A. Computational framework for application of residual stress when the stress-free configuration is unknown, SB3C2015, Summer Biomechanics, Bioengineering and Biotransport Conference, June 17-20, 2015,Snowbird Resort, Utah, USA. (2015) |
| Erdemir, A., and Sibole, S. Open knee: capacity to reproduce passive joint kinematics, 23rd Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, July 3-7, 2011, Brussels, Belgium. (2011) View |
| Shriram D, Praveen Kumar G, Cui F, Lee YHD, Subburaj K. (2017). Evaluating the effects of material properties of artificial meniscal implant in the human knee joint using finite element analysis. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 20;7(1):6011. (2017) View Abstract This study used Open Knee(s) |
| Meng Q, Fisher J, Wilcox R. (2017). The effects of geometric uncertainties on computational modelling of knee biomechanics. R Soc Open Sci. 2017 Aug 9;4(8):170670. (2017) View Abstract This study used Open Knee(s) |
| Hu J., Chen Z., Xin H., Zhang Q., Jin Z. Musculoskeletal multibody dynamics simulation of the contact mechanics and kinematics of a natural knee joint during a walking cycle. Proc Inst Mech Eng H. (2018) (2018) View Abstract This study used Open Knee(s) |
| Mamalakis M, (2017) Realistic simulation of the knee using modular approach. MSc Thesis. University of Patras. (2017) View Abstract This study used Open Knee(s) |
| Khandha, A. (2016) Knee gait mechanics and cartilage stress in those with/without medial compartment knee osteoarthritis five years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA. (2016) Abstract This study used Open Knee. |